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Janardhana Raju, N.
- Complexation of Fluoride Ions with Alum-Flocs at Various pH Values during Coagulation and Flocculation
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Affiliations
1 Panchayat Raj, Cuddapah, A.P, IN
2 Department of Geology, S V University, Tirupathi, A.P, IN
3 S V U College of Engineering, Tirupathi, A.P, IN
1 Panchayat Raj, Cuddapah, A.P, IN
2 Department of Geology, S V University, Tirupathi, A.P, IN
3 S V U College of Engineering, Tirupathi, A.P, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 42, No 1 (1993), Pagination: 51-54Abstract
Complexation of fluoride ions by the addition of lime and alum to fluoridc-spiked tap water was investigated at varying pH values through the Jar-test technique. The results obtained indicate that the optimum pH for higher complexation of fluoride ions with alum-floc will range from 5.8 to 6.3 depending upon the amount of fluoride present in the solution. Hydrogen bonding on polynuclear complexes of partially hydrolyzed Al(III) as well as physical sorption of F- ions on Al (OH)3(s) floes by Van der waal's forces are the possible mechanisms for F- ion removal from water.Keywords
Fluoride, Alum-Floes, Geochemistry
- Electrical Resistivity Surveys for Groundwater in the Upper Gunjanaeru Catchment, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, S. V. University, Tirupati-517 502, IN
1 Department of Geology, S. V. University, Tirupati-517 502, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 47, No 6 (1996), Pagination: 705-716Abstract
Integrated geological, hydrological and geophysical (electrical resistivity) surveys have been used to delineate groundwater potential zones in Upper Gunjanaeru catchment (latitudes 13°43'45" and 14°1'44" N. and longitudes 79°15'16" and 79°27'38" E.) in Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh. The main lithological units in the catchment are alluvium, shales and quartzites. Preliminary pump tests in selected borewells indicate discharge variations from 6,600 lph to 48,000 lph and the respective transmissivities (T) range from 11.5 x 104 lpd/m to 36 x 104 lpd/m.
Forty five vertical electrical soundings were carried out using Schlumberger configuration. The data was interpreted with the help of three layer master curves and auxiliary point charts. Sounding curves suggest a few three layer geoelectrical sections H, A, K & Q type and a number of four layer sections of HK, KH, HA and AK types. Horizontal geoelectrical cross sections for selected depth levels are presented and discussed. The study indicates that the groundwater resources are mainly confined to the boulder, weathered and fractured zones in the study area except in southern parts where the groundwater is confined to the weathered and fractured zones.
Keywords
Electrical Resistivity, Groundwater Resources, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh.- Fast Decline of Water Levels in Urban Tirupati, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh
Abstract Views :172 |
PDF Views:125
Authors
Affiliations
1 Hydrogeology Lab,Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi - 221 005, IN
1 Hydrogeology Lab,Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi - 221 005, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 65, No 6 (2005), Pagination: 773-775Abstract
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- Groundwater Quality in the Lower Varuna River Basin, Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Hydrogeology Division, Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN
1 Hydrogeology Division, Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 73, No 2 (2009), Pagination: 178-192Abstract
The lower Varuna River basin in Varanasi district situated in the central Ganga plain is a highly productive agricultural area, and is also one of the fast growing urban areas in India. The agricultural and urbanization activities have a lot of impact on the groundwater quality of the study area. The river basin is underlain by Quaternary alluvial sediments consisting of clay, silt, sand and gravel of various grades. The hydrogeochemical study was undertaken by randomly collecting 75 groundwater samples from dug wells and hand pumps covering the entire basin in order to understand the sources of dissolved ions, and to assess the chemical quality of the groundwater through analysis of major ions. Based on the total dissolved solids, two groundwater samples are considered unsuitable for drinking purpose, but all samples are useful for irrigation. Graphical treatment of major ion chemistry by Piper diagram helps in identifying hydro-geochemical facies of groundwaters and the dominant hydrochemical facies is Ca-Mg-HCO3 with appreciable percentage of the water having mixed facies. As per Wilcox's diagram and US Salinity laboratory classification, most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except two samples (No's 30 and 68) which are unsuitable due to the presence of high salinity and medium sodium hazard. Irrigation waters classified based on residual sodium carbonate, have revealed that all groundwaters are in general safe for irrigation except one sample (No. 27), which needs treatment before use. Permeability index indicates that the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose.
Although the general quality of groundwater of the lower Varuna River basin is suitable for irrigation purpose, fifty seven percent of the samples are found having nitrate content more than permissible limit (>45 mg/l) which is not good for human consumption. Application of N-Fertilizers on agricultural land as crop nutrients along the Varuna River course may be responsible for nitrate pollution in the groundwater due to leaching by applied irrigation water. The other potential sources of high nitrate concentration in extreme northern, southern and southwestern parts of study area are poor sewerage and drainage facilities, leakage of human excreta from very old septic tanks, and sanitary landfills. The high fluoride contamination (>1.5 mg/l) in some of the samples may be due to the dissolution of micaceous content in the alluvium. Nitrate and fluoride contamination of groundwater is a serious problem for its domestic use. Hence an immediate protective measure must be put into action in the study area.
Keywords
Groundwater Quality, Hydrogeochemical Facies, Nitrate Pollution, Irrigation Water, Sodium Content, Varuna River, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.- Arsenic Exposure through Groundwater in the Middle Ganga Plain in the Varanasi Environs, India: A Future Threat
Abstract Views :189 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 110 067, IN
1 School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi - 110 067, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 79, No 3 (2012), Pagination: 302-314Abstract
The study area covers an about 100 km2 of the middle Ganga plain in Uttar Pradesh, experiencing intensive groundwater extraction. In order to recognize the arsenic contamination zones of the Varanasi environs, sixty eight groundwater samples have been collected and analyzed for major ions, iron and arsenic. Twenty one sediment samples in the four boreholes were also collected to deduce the source of arsenic in the groundwater. The preliminary survey reports for the first time indicates that part of rural and urban population of Varanasi environs are drinking and using for irrigation arsenic contaminated water mostly from hand tube wells (<70 m). The study area is a part of middle Ganga plain which comprises of Quaternary alluvium consists of an alternating succession of clay, clayey silt and sand deposits. The high arsenic content in groundwater samples of the study area indicates that 14% of the samples are exceeding the 10 μg/l and 5% of the samples are exceeding 50 μg/l. The high arsenic concentration is found in the villages such as Bahadurpur, Madhiya, Bhojpur, Ratanpur, Semra, Jalilpur, Kateswar, Bhakhara and Kodupur (eastern side of Ganga River in Varanasi), situated within the newer alluvium deposited during middle Holocene to Recent. The older alluvial aquifers situated in the western side of the Ganga River are arsenic safe (maximum As concentration of 9 μg/l) though the borehole sediments shows high arsenic (mean 5.2 mg/kg) and iron content (529 mg/kg) in shallow and medium depths. This may be due to lack of reducing conditions (i.e organic content) for releasing arsenic into the groundwater. Rainfall infiltration, organic matter from recently accumulated biomass from flood prone belt in the newer alluvium plays a critical role in releasing arsenic and iron present in sediments. The main mechanism for the release of As into groundwater in the Holocene sandy aquifer sediments of Varanasi environs may be due to the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide present as coatings on sand grains as well as altered mica content. The high societal problems of this study will help to mitigate the severity of arsenic contamination by providing alternate drinking water resources to the people in middle Ganga plain and to arrange permanent arsenic safe drinking water source by the authorities.Keywords
Groundwater Quality, Arsenic Contamination, Newer Alluvium, Middle Ganga Plain, Varanasi Environs.References
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